Commentary on the Six Days of Creation · §5

Time and Signs

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The sun and moon increase and decrease. Let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and for years. The sun and moon produce this time. For the orbits, being ordered, generate the exits in a measured way. Time is called this, because as if on a circle, it is taken in orderly succession, first to second, and third to the next. And let them be for signs, because they always indicate the presence of winter; for mist, generated by the air, darkens the sun's rays, and appears coal-black and smoky, unable to disperse the air condensed from the vapors of the earth; and from this, a sign of winter is shown. When the so-called halos (some are circular figures similar to halos, from which they are so named) surround the sun, it indicates the severity of the winds; and when the so-called anthelions join in the sun's movement, it becomes a sign of aerial symptoms; and again, when rods-like things appear in the color of Iris in the morning among the clouds, it indicates rain, or winter, or a change in the air. The moon, when on the third day, is thin and clear in its horns, announces a stable calm; but if it is thick in its horns, and appears reddish, it announces abundant water or a violent south wind. Therefore, the sun and moon are the instruments of time; time is of days, months, and years; and the stars, of months, of sowing, and of harvest. And the Pleiades, rising in the time of the harvest, setting in the time of sowing, indicate this. And with the Wagon, they become a sign for sailors; for the stars become signs and markers of places. The Bear indeed shows the Bear It has only the day, as the psalmist also declares to us: 'He set the sun in authority over the day, the moon, and the stars in authority over the night.' This one has the authority of the light carrying around in himself; when he surpasses the horizon that is over us, he provides day by scattering the darkness. The moon, when

Greek

αὔξουσα, καὶ μειουμένη. Ἔστωσαν δὲ εἰς σημεῖα, καὶ εἰς καιροὺς, καὶ εἰς ἡμέρας, καὶ εἰς ἐνιαυτούς. Χρόνον δὲ ἥλιος καὶ σελήνη γεννᾷ τοῦτον. Ἑλκόμεναι συμμέτρως γὰρ αἱ φοραὶ τεταγμένας τῶν καιρῶν τὰς ἐξόδους γεννῶσι. Χρόνος δὲ καλεῖται, ἐπειδὴ ὥσπερ ἐπί τινα κύκλον ἐπαλλήλοις εἱλεῖται εὐτάκτοις διαδοχαῖς, πρῶτος πρὸς δεύτερον, καὶ τρίτος πρὸς τὸν ἑξῆς. Τὸ δὲ, ἔστωσαν εἰς σημεῖα, ἐπειδὴ τὴν παρουσίαν τοῦ χειμῶνος ἀεὶ προσημαίνουσιν· ἀχλὺς γὰρ, τῷ ἀέρι ἐγγενομένη, τοῦ ἡλίου τὰς ἀκτῖνας ἀμαυροῖ, καὶ φαίνεται ἀνθρακώδης καὶ ὕφαιμος, μὴ δυνάμενος τὸν ἀέρα ἐκ τῶν ἀτμῶν τῆς γῆς πεπυκνωμένον διαχέαι· κἀκ τούτου σημεῖον χειμῶνος δείκνυται. Ὅταν δὲ αἱ λεγόμεναι ἅλῳ (στρογγύλαι δὲ εἰσί τινες περιγραφαὶ ὅμοιαι ἅλῳ, ἐκ τούτου γὰρ οὕτως ἐπονομάζονται) τὸν ἥλιον περιστοιχίσωσι, σφοδρότης τῶν ἀνέμων σημαίνεται· ἐπὰν δὲ καὶ οἱ καλούμενοι ἀνθήλιοι τῇ τοῦ ἡλίου φορᾷ συντρέχωσι, συμπτωμάτων ἀερίων σημεῖον γίνεται· καὶ πάλιν ἡνίκα ῥάβδοις ἐοικυῖα κατὰ τὴν χρόαν τῆς Ἴριδος εἰς ὄρθρον τοῖς νέφεσιν ἐμφαινόμεναι δειχθῶσιν, ὄμβροι, ἢ χειμῶνες, ἢ μεταβολὴ ἐπιπλεῖον τοῦ ἀέρος σημαίνεται. Ἡ δὲ σελήνη, ἐπειδὰν ἐν τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ λεπτὴ καὶ καθαρὰ ταῖς κεραίαις ἀποδειχθῇ, σταθερὰν εὐδίαν κατεπαγγέλλεται· παχεῖα δὲ ταῖς κεραίαις, καὶ ὑπέρυθρος φανεῖσα, ὕδωρ λάβρον ἢ νότον βίαιον εὐαγγελίζεται. Ὄργανα οὖν χρόνων ἥλιος καὶ σελήνη καθίσταται· χρόνος δὲ ἡμερῶν, μηνῶν, καὶ ἐνιαυτῶν· τὰ δὲ ἄστρα, καὶ μηνῶν, καὶ σπόρων, καὶ ἀμητῶν. Καὶ αἱ Πλειάδες, ἀνατέλλουσαι μὲν ἀμητοῦ καιρὸν, δύνουσαι δὲ σπόρου, δεικνύουσι. Καὶ τοῖς ναυτιλλομένοις μετὰ τῆς Ἁμάξης σημεῖον γίνεται· τόπων γὰρ σημεῖα καὶ δεικτήρια τὰ ἄστρα γίνεται. Ἄρκτος μὲν γὰρ ἄρκτον δείκνυσι· τῆς δὲ Πλειάδος πρὸς ἀνατολὴν βλέπων τὸ ὀξὺ τὴν ἄρκτον δείκνυσιν· αὐτῆς δὲ τῆς ἄρκτου στρεφομένης τὸ κέρας τὴν ἀνατολὴν δείκνυσι, καὶ τῆς σελήνης τὸ λαμπόμενον μέρος τὴν ἀνατολὴν σημαίνει. Πρὸ δὲ τούτων χρόνος οὐκ ἦν, ἀλλὰ διάστημα, καὶ αἰὼν μακρός τις καὶ ἄχρονος. Εἴρηται οὖν περὶ τῶν σημείων. Καιροὺς δὲ λέγειν ἡγούμεθα τὰς ἐναλλαγὰς τῶν 721 ὡρῶν, χειμῶνος, ἔαρος, θέρους, μετοπώρου. Καὶ χειμὼν μὲν γίνεται τοῖς νοτίοις μέρεσι τοῦ ἡλίου προσδιατρίβοντος, καὶ πολὺ τὸ νυκτερινὸν σκίασμα περὶ τὸν καθ' ἡμᾶς τόπον ἀποτελοῦντος, ὡς καταψύχεσθαι μὲν τὸν περὶ τὴν γῆν ἀέρα, καὶ τὰς ὑγρὰς ἀναθυμιάσεις συνισταμένας ὄμβρων, καὶ κρυμῶν, καὶ νιφάδων αἰτίας γίνεσθαι· ἐπειδὰν δὲ ἐπανιὼν πάλιν ἀπὸ τῶν μεσημβρινῶν χωρίων ἐπὶ τοῦ μέσου γένηται, ἰσημερία γίνεται, καὶ ὅσῳ τοῖς ἐπὶ γῆς ἐνδιατρίβει τόποις, τοσούτῳ κατὰ μέρος ἐπανάγει τὴν εὐκρασίαν, καὶ γίνεται ἔαρ, τοῖς μὲν φυτοῖς παρέχων βλάστησιν, τοῖς δὲ δένδροις τὴν ἀναβίωσιν. Ἐκεῖθεν δὲ ἤδη πρὸς τὰς θερινὰς τροπὰς ἐπ' αὐτὴν τὴν Ἄρκτον τρέχων ὁ ἥλιος τὰς μεγάλας ἡμέρας ἡμῖν παρίστησι, καὶ διὰ τὸ πλεῖον αὐτὸν προσομιλεῖν τῷ ἀέρι, αὐτὸν καταφρίσσει τὸν ἀέρα, καὶ τὴν γῆν πᾶσαν καταξηραίνει, καὶ πάντα καρπὸν ὡραῖον ἀπεργάζεται φλογωδέστατος ὢν, καὶ βραχείας ποιεῖ τὰς σκιὰς ἀφ' ὑψηλοῦ καταλάμπων. Ἐν γὰρ ταῖς βραχυτάταις ἡμέραις αἱ σκιαὶ μακρόταται γίνονται. Καὶ πάλιν ἀπὸ τῶν προσαρκτίων ἐπὶ τὰ νότια παραγενομένου, μετόπωρον γίνεται, τῆς θέρμης κατ' ὀλίγον τῆς πολλῆς ἀμαυρουμένης, καὶ τοῦ χειμῶνος ἀβλαβῶς ἐπιόντος. Οὐ ποιεῖ δὲ τὴν ἡμέραν ὁ ἥλιος· μηδεὶς οὕτως ὑπολάβῃ· πρεσβυτερεῖ γὰρ τούτου ἡ ἡμέρα καὶ νύξ· ἀλλὰ κατάρχει μόνον τῆς ἡμέρας, καθὼς καὶ ὁ ψαλμῳδὸς διαγορεύει ἡμῖν· Ἔθετο, λέγων, τὸν ἥλιον εἰς ἐξουσίαν τῆς ἡμέρας, τὴν σελήνην, καὶ τοὺς ἀστέρας εἰς ἐξουσίαν τῆς νυκτός. Ἔχει δὲ οὗτος τὴν ἐξουσίαν τὸ φῶς περιφέρων ἐν ἑαυτῷ· ἐπειδάν ποτε τὸν καθ' ἡμᾶς ὁρίζοντα ὑπεράρῃ, ἡμέραν παρέχει διασκεδάσας τὸ σκότος. Ἡ δὲ σελήνη, ἐπειδὰν

About this text

Commentary on the six days of creation (PG marks Spurious) attributed to Eustathius of Antioch.

Original English Translation — new OET from PG 18 Greek.

Catalogue & scope

Khazarzar scan

Witnesses

Copy-text PG 18 (Khazarzar) (Greek)

This is an AI-assisted study translation. Source fidelity and completeness have not been independently certified. Open Greek on each section for the source text. This is not a complete critical edition.