Letter to Emperor Theodosius
Epistula ad Theodosium imperatorem
The Deception of Idolatry and the Integrity of Faith§1
1Through his own wicked artifice, the devil contrived idolatry in the world, sowing it and establishing it, thereby turning men away from God. Now, following the heresies and the idols, he has once again brought down and deceived the faithful into an ancient form of idolatry.
In this letter, he presents himself as one who has followed the faith of the fathers at Nicaea from his youth, claiming that his parents were born into this same confession and held the same belief. For his own piety will be judged by whether it is proper for us to possess a God depicted through colors.
I have heard that some claim to depict even the incomprehensible Son of God, yet I have no memory of seeing anything of the kind. Which of the ancient fathers of Christ, having painted an icon, ever placed it in a church or in a private house, or upon the lintels of doors? Which of the ancient bishops painted Christ?
Greek · §1
Epistula ad Theodosium imperatorem ̓Επιφανίου ἐπισκόπου Κύπρων Ἐπιστολὴ πρὸς Θεοδόσιον τὸν βασιλέα. 19 τὴν εἰδωλολατρείαν ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ τῇ ἑαυτοῦ κακοτεχνίᾳ ὁ διάβολος ἐμηχανήσατο καὶ ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ ἔσπειρε τοῦτο καὶ ἐθεμελίωσε καὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἀπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ ἀπέστρεψε· νῦν δὲ πάλιν μετὰ τὰς αἱρέσεις καὶ τὰ εἴδωλα εἰς ἀρχαίαν εἰδωλολατρείαν τοὺς πιστοὺς καθείλκυσε καὶ ἠπάτησε. 20 εἰσφέρει ἑαυτὸν ἐν τῇ ἐπιστολῇ τῇ πίστει τῶν ἐν Νικαίᾳ πατέρων ἐκ νέας ἡλικίας ἠκολουθηκέναι καὶ ὡς οἱ γονεῖς αὐτοῦ ἐν ταύτῃ γεγέννηνται καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν εἶχον ὁμολογίαν. 21 νοήσει γὰρ ἡ σὴ εὐσέβεια εἰ πρέπον ἐστὶν ἔχειν ἡμᾶς θεὸν ζωγραφητὸν διὰ χρωμάτων. 22 ἤκουσα ὡς καὶ τὸν ἀκατάληπτον υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ τινὲς γράφειν ἐπαγγέλλονται οὐ μέμνημαί τι τοιοῦτον ἰδών. 23 Τίς τῶν παλαιῶν πατέρων Χριστοῦ εἰκόνα ζωγραφήσας ἐν ἐκκλησίᾳ ἢ ἐν οἴκῳ ἰδίῳ κατέθετο ἢ ἐν βήλοις θυρῶν; τίς τῶν ἀρχαίων ἐπισκόπων Χριστὸν
False depictions of the saints§2
2Have they dishonored Him by painting Him? Who has thus modeled and triumphed over Abraham and Isaac and Jacob, and Moses and the prophets, or Peter or Andrew or James or John or the rest of the apostles?
At the same time they lie, sketching the forms of the saints differently and differently according to their own private notions, sometimes depicting the same ones as old men and sometimes as younger, probing into things they have not seen. For they write of the Savior as having hair by implication, because He is called the Nazarene, since the Nazarenes have hair.attempting to connect these types to Him stumble; for the Savior drank wine, which the Nazarenes did not drink.
It is not fitting to have God being painted for us in colors and cares. For that which they mold from their own...
Greek · §2
ἀτιμάσας ἐζωγράφησεν; τίς τὸν Ἀβραὰμ καὶ Ἰσαὰκ καὶ Ἰακώβ, Μωυσέα τε καὶ τοὺς προφήτας ἢ Πέτρον ἢ Ἀνδρέαν ἢ Ἰάκωβον ἢ Ἰωάννην ἢ τοὺς λοιποὺς ἀποστόλους οὕτως παρεδειγμάτισεν καὶ ἐθριάμβευσεν; 24 ἅμα δὲ καὶ ψεύδονται, ἐξ ἰδίας αὐτῶν ἐννοίας μορφὰς τῶν ἁγίων ἄλλως καὶ ἄλλως ἀνατυποῦντες, ποτὲ μὲν γέροντας ποτὲ δὲ νεωτέρους τοὺς αὐτοὺς*, ἃ μὴ ἑωράκασιν ἐμβατεύοντες. κόμην γὰρ ἔχοντα τὸν σωτῆρα γράφουσιν ἐξ ὑπονοίας διὰ τὸ Ναζωραῖον αὐτὸν καλεῖσθαι, ἐπείπερ οἱ Ναζιραῖοι κόμας ἔχουσιν. Σφάλλονται δὲ οἱ τοὺς τύπους αὐτῷ συνάπτειν πειρώμενοι· οἶνον γὰρ ἔπινεν ὁ σωτήρ, ὃν οἱ Ναζιραῖοι οὐκ ἔπινον. 25 οὐ πρέπον ... ἐστὶ θεὸν ἔχειν ἡμᾶς ἐν χρώμασι καὶ μέλεσι ζωγραφούμενον. 26 καὶ αὐτὸ γὰρ ὅπερ πλάσσουσιν ἀπὸ ἰδίας
The Deception of False Descriptions§3
3They lie by thinking through false concepts. For the deceivers write that Peter the holy apostle was an old man, with a bald head and a beard; and others write that the holy Paul was either hairless or a bald-headed man, and that the other disciples were simply bald.
If, therefore, the Savior had hair, while the other disciples were bald and he himself was not bald and appeared equal to them, by what reason were the Pharisees and the scribes giving thirty pieces of silver to Judas for a wage, so that, having loved him, he might show them, 'this is the one you seek,' when they were able to know both through themselves and through others by the sign of the hair they were seeking to find, and not to give a wage?
Greek · §3
ἐννοίας διανοούμενοι, ψεύδονται. γράφουσι γὰρ Πέτρον τὸν ἅγιον ἀπόστολον οἱ πλάνοι γέροντα ἄνδρα, τὴν κεφαλὴν καὶ τὸ γένειον κεκαρμένον· γράφουσι δὲ καὶ τὸν ἅγιον Παῦλον ἄλλοι μὲν ἀναφαλαντέα, ἄλλοι δὲ φαλακρὸν γενειήτην καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους μαθητὰς ψιλῶς κεκαρμένους. 27 εἰ τοίνυν κόμην εἶχεν ὁ σωτήρ, οἱ δὲ ἄλλοι μαθηταὶ ἦσαν κεκαρμένοι καὶ μὴ ἦν αὐτὸς κεκαρμένος καὶ ἴσος αὐτοῖς φαινόμενος, τίνι τῷ λόγῳ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι καὶ οἱ γραμματεῖς τριάκοντα ἀργύρια ἐδίδουν τῷ Ἰούδᾳ μισθοῦ χάριν, ὅπως φιλήσας αὐτὸν ὑποδείξῃ αὐτοῖς ὅτι "οὗτός ἐστιν ὃν ζητεῖτε", δυνάμενοι καὶ δι' ἑαυτῶν καὶ ὑπ' ἄλλων γνῶναι διὰ τοῦ σημείου τῆς κόμης ὃν ἐζήτουν εὑρεῖν καὶ μὴ μισθὸν δοῦναι; 28 ὁμολογεῖ, πρῶτα μὲν ὡς χλεύη τοῖς
The refusal to remove images§4
4Much had previously been provided against him regarding the accusations made, and later, even after he had advised the co-bishops and fellow-ministers that these things should be removed, he would not listen. We find in the end of the letter a declaration containing this: that, having spoken many times to my fellow ministers that the images should be removed, he did not accept the counsel from them, nor could they endure hearing my voice even for a short time.
He suggested that the altars having such writing, once collected, might be used for the burial of the poor, and that the things on the walls might be whitened with colors. Regarding the things written in the small niche, since such a reconstruction is difficult, if it is possible to be reconstructed, it is good; but if it is impossible, let them be satisfied with what has already occurred and no longer paint anything in such a manner.
Greek · §4
πολλοῖς ἐπὶ τοῖς ληρῳδουμένοις αὐτῷ προὔκειτο, ἔπειτα δὲ ὅτι καὶ τοῖς συνεπισκόποις καὶ συλλειτουργοῖς συμβουλεύσας ταῦτα περιαιρεθῆναι οὐκ ἠκούσθη. εὕρομεν ἐν τῷ τέλει τῆς ἐπιστολῆς ἔμφασιν τοιάδε περιέχουσαν· ὅτι πολλάκις λαλήσας τοῖς συλλειτουργοῖς μου περιαιρεθῆναι τὰς εἰκόνας οὐκ ἐδέχθην παρ' αὐτῶν οὐδὲ πρὸς βραχὺ ἀκοῦσαι τῆς ἐμῆς φωνῆς ἠνέσχοντο. 29 ὅπως τὰ βῆλα τὰ ἔχοντα τοιαύτην γραφὴν συλλεγέντα εἰς ταφὴν τῶν πτωχῶν προχωρήσειεν, τὰ δὲ ἐν τοίχοις διὰ χρωμάτων λευκανθῆναι. 30 Τὰ δὲ ἐν μουσαρίῳ προληφθέντα γραφῆναι, ἐπειδὴ δυσχερές ἐστι τὸ τοιοῦτον ἀνασκεύασμα, εἰ μὲν δυνατὸν ἀνασκευασθῆναι, καλόν· εἰ δὲ ἀδύνατον, ἀρκεσθῆναι τοῖς προγεγονόσι καὶ μηκέτι τινὰ ζωγραφεῖν οὕτως.