On the Twelve Gems
De xii gemmis
The Twelve Gems§1
1On the twelve gems. By our holy father Epiphanius, Bishop of Cyprus, to Diodorus, Bishop of Tyre, concerning the book of the twelve stones that are in the ornaments of Aaron. Prologue.
The first stone is sardius, so called the Babylonian; but it is fiery in kind and blood-like, resembling the sardine fish; therefore it is called sardius, taking the name from its kind. It is found in Babylon, toward Assyria. The stone is bright; and it is powerful for healing, which doctors use for swellings and other wounds caused by iron. There is also another sardonyx which is called Molochas; it is soft of texture, and it has the same appearance, turning pale, and it is most much-blooming near the beginning of spring, when the passions begin.
The stone is topaz, red in kind beyond coal; and it is found in Topaz, a city of India, by those who once mined stones there, in the heart of another stone which the miners, having seen to be bright, and having indicated an alabastron to some, departed for a small price. The Thebans brought it to the queen of that time; and she, receiving it, placed it in the middle of her forehead in her diadem. The stone has such a test: being rubbed with a medical probe, it does not give a red juice according to its color, but a milky one; and the vessels are filled as much as the one rubbing desires, and the previous weight is not diminished at all. This juice from it is also useful for an eye ailment; and being drunk, it opposes dropsy and the sea-storms caused by grapes.
The stone is emerald. This is also called green; and it is pale in kind, and there is a certain difference among them; for some call them Neronian, others Domitian. The Neronian is bitter, very pale in kind, and also of a shining nature. Whether it is called Neronian or Domitian for such a reason, is because they say that Nero or Domitian poured enough oil into vessels, and from the oil the oil turns green with time, and by this, the stone being soaked, becomes more bright in color. Others say that a certain Nero, a craftsman of the old painters, or a stone-worker, discovered the most necessary thing of the emerald, and from this it is called Neronian, and the others Domitian. But there are also other emeralds: the first in Judea is very much like the Neronian, and the other in Ethiopia, which is said to have come into being in the Phasis river. Phasis is what the Greeks call the Indus, but the barbarians call the Ganges. They also say that coal is found in it; for there, Moses says, is the coal and the stone...
Greek · §1
De xii gemmis ΤΟΥ ΕΝ ΑΓΙΟΙΣ ΠΑΤΡΟΣ ΗΜΩΝ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΙΟΥ Ἐπισκόπου Κύπρου πρὸς ∆ιόδωρον ἐπίσκοπον Τύρου περὶ τῶν ιβʹ λίθων τῶν ὄντων ἐν τοῖς στολισμοῖς τοῦ Ἀαρὼν βιβλίον. ΠΡΟΛΟΓΟΣ 1.1 Πρῶτος λίθος σάρδιος ὁ Βαβυλώνιος οὕτω καλούμενος· ἔστι δὲ πυρωπὸς τῷ εἴδει καὶ αἱματοειδής, σαρδίῳ τῷ ἰχθύι τεταριχευμένῳ ἐοικώς· διὸ καὶ σαρδίος λέγεται ἀπὸ τοῦ εἴδους λαβὼν τὸ ἐπώνυμον. Ἐν Βαβυλῶνι δὲ τῇ πρὸς Ἀσσυρίαν γίνεται. Ἔστι δὲ διαυγὴς ὁ λίθος· δυνάμεως δέ ἐστι θεραπευτικῆς, ᾧ κέχρηνται οἱ ἰατροὶ πρὸς οἰδήματα καὶ ἄλλας πληγὰς ὑπὸ σιδήρου γιγνομένας. Ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄλλος σαρδόνυξ ὃς καλεῖται μολοχάς· μαλακτικὸς δέ ἐστι στεατωμάτων, τῆς δὲ αὐτῆς ἰδέας τυγχάνει ὑποχλωρίζων, ἐμβριθέστατος δὲ μᾶλλον παρὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν τοῦ ἔαρος, ὅτε ἡ ἀρχὴ τῶν Παθῶν. 1.2 Λίθος τοπάζιον, ἐρυθρὸς τῷ εἴδει ὑπὲρ τὸν ἄνθρακα· γίνεται δὲ ἐν Τοπάζῃ, πόλει τῆς Ἰνδίας, ὑπὸ τῶν ἐκεῖσέ ποτε λίθους λατομούντων, ἐν καρδίᾳ ἑτέρου λίθου ὃν οἱ λατομοῦντες θεασάμενοι φαιδρόν, καὶ ὑποδείξαντες ἀλάβαστρόν τισιν ἀπέδοντο ὀλίγου τιμήματος. Θηβαῖοι δὲ προσήνεγκαν τῇ κατ' ἐκεῖνον καιρὸν βασιλίσσῃ· ἡ δὲ λαβοῦσα ἐν τῷ αὑτῆς διαδήματι μέσον τοῦ μετώπου περιέθετο. Ἔχει δὲ ὁ λίθος δοκιμὴν τοιάνδε· τριβόμενος ἐν ἰατρικῇ ἀκόνῃ οὐκ ἐρυθρὸν ἀποδίδωσι κατὰ τὸ χρῶμα τὸν χυλόν, ἀλλὰ γαλακτώδη· ἐμπίπλησι δὲ κρατῆρας ὅσους ἂν θέλῃ ὁ ἀποτρίβων, καὶ τοῦ προτέρου σταθμοῦ οὐκ ἐλαττοῦται οὐδ' ὅλως. Χρησιμεύει δὲ καὶ ὁ ἐξ αὐτοῦ οὗτος χυλὸς πρὸς πάθος ὀφθαλμῶν· καὶ πινόμενος δὲ ἀντιπαθεῖ πρὸς ὕδρωπας καὶ τοῖς ἀπὸ σταφυλῆς θαλασσίας μαραινομένοις. 1.3 Λίθος σμάραγδος.Οὗτος καλεῖται καὶ πράσινος· ἔστι δὲ καὶ χλωρὸς τῷ εἴδει, καὶ διαφορά τις ἐν αὐτοῖς· τινὲς μὲν γὰρ αὐτοὺς νερωνιανοὺς καλοῦσιν, ἄλλοι δὲ δομετιανούς. Καὶ ὁ μὲν νερωνιανὸς πικρός ἐστι, τῷ εἴδει σφόδρα χλωρίζων, διειδὴς δὲ καὶ στίλβων. Καλεῖσθαι δὲ νερωνιανὸν εἴτ' οὖν δομετιανὸν διὰ τοιαύτην αἰτίαν, ὅτι φασὶν ἔλαιον Νέρωνα εἴτε ∆ομετιανὸν ἐν σκεύεσι βαλεῖν ἱκανοῖς, καὶ ἐκ τοῦ ἰοῦ τῷ χρόνῳ χλωραίνεσθαι τὸ ἔλαιον, καὶ ἐκ τούτου τὴν πέτραν ποτιζομένην περισσοτέρως ἐξανθεῖν τῇ χροιᾷ. Ἄλλοι δέ φασι Νέρωνά τινα τεχνίτην τῶν παλαιῶν πιναροποιῶν, εἴτ' οὖν λιθουργῶν ἐφευρεῖν τὸ ἀναγκαιότατον τοῦ σμαράγδου, καὶ ἐκ τούτου νερωνιανὸν καλεῖσθαι, οἱ δὲ δομετιανόν. Ἀλλὰ καὶ ἄλλοι εἰσὶ σμάραγδοι, ὁ μὲν πρῶτος ἐν τῇ Ἰουδαίᾳ πάνυ ἐοικὼς τῷ νερωνιανῷ, ὁ δὲ ἕτερος ἐν τῇ Αἰθιοπείᾳ, ὃν καὶ ἐν τῷ Φεισσῶνι ποταμῷ λέγεται γεγενῆσθαι. Φεισσὼν δέ ἐστιν ὁ παρὰ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν Ἰνδὸς καλούμενος, παρὰ τοῖς βαρβάροις δὲ Γάγγης. Λέγουσι δὲ καὶ τὸν ἄνθρακα ἐν αὐτῷ γίνεσθαι· ἐκεῖ γάρ, φησὶν ὁ Μωϋσῆς, ὁ ἄνθραξ καὶ ὁ λίθος ὁ
Description of Gems§2
2Green. They say the power of the stone, namely the emerald, is in reflecting the face. The myth-makers also say it is prophetic.
1.4 Stone: coal. This kind has a sharp, reddish tint. It is produced in Carthage of Libya, which is called Africa. Others say this stone is found in this way: it is not sought during the day, but at night, like a torch from a distance or a sparkling coal; and as it appears from afar, those searching for it recognize it and find it easily. But when carried, it is impossible to hide, for whatever garments might cover it, its radiance appears from outside the fold, whence it is called coal. The fulgurite stone is near to this, because it is found in the same place.
1.5 Stone: sapphire, purpling, like the appearance of black Tyrian purple. Many kinds of this exist; for there is the royal kind and the gold-streaked kind, but this one is not so much to be marveled at as the purpling diopside. This too is said to be in India and Ethiopia. Therefore, they say among the Indians there is a temple of Dionysus having steps made of sapphire stone, even if it is unbelievable to the many. But the stone is wonderful, well-formed, and graceful. Therefore, they also set this in rings and armlets, especially kings. It is a wound-remover; for being rubbed and becoming moist and fumigating, it heals wounds when applied to the affected places with milk. It has also been written in the Law that the vision seen by Moses on the mountain, and the law given, is said to have been on sapphire stone.
1.6 Stone: jasper. This is emerald-like in appearance; it is found near the banks of the Thermodon river and around Amathus in Cyprus. It is also much called 'amathusian.' The appearance of the stone is such: it is turning emerald-green, but is sharper and more dim; and from within the body it is green, resembling copper having four-lined veins. As we heard, this is a fantasy, as the mythologists say. There is another kind, more blue-grey like the sea, deeper in bloom and in dye; and another in the caves, in the mountain of Ida in Phrygia, resembling the cochineal from blood, being more translucent.
Greek · §2
πράσινος. Ἡ δὲ δύναμις, φασί, τοῦ λίθου, δηλαδὴ τοῦ σμαράγδου πρὸς τὸ ἐνοπτρίζεσθαι πρόσωπον. Λέγεται δὲ καὶ παρὰ τοῖς μυθοποιοῖς προγνωστικὸς εἶναι. 1.4 Λίθος ἄνθραξ. Οὗτος εἶδος ὀξὺ φοινίσσον ἔχει. Γίνεται δὲ ἐν Καρχηδόνι τῆς Λιβύης, ἥτις Ἀφρικὴ καλεῖται. Ἕτεροι δέ φασι τὸν λίθον τοῦτον οὕτως εὑρίσκεσθαι,οὐκ ἐν ἡμέρᾳ κατοπτευόμενον, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὴν νύκτα πόρρωθεν δίκην λαμπάδος, ἢ ἄνθρακος σπινθηρίζοντος, καὶ ὡς μακρόθεν φαίνοντος, κἀκ τούτου ἐπιγινώσκοντες οἱ τοῦτον ἀνερευνῶντες ῥαδίως εὑρίσκουσιν αὐτόν· βασταζόμενον δὲ ἀδύνατον διαλαθεῖν, ὁποίοις γὰρ ἂν ἱματίοις κατακρυβῇ ἡ ἀνταύγεια αὐτοῦ ἔξωθεν τῆς περιβολῆς φαίνεται, ὅθεν καὶ ἄνθραξ κέκληται. Ὀλίγον δὲ ὁ κεραύνιος λίθος παραπλήσιος τούτῳ, ὅτι καὶ ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ τόπου εὑρίσκεται. 1.5 Λίθος σάπφειρος πορφυρίζων, ὡς βλάττης πορφύρας τῆς μελαίνης τὸ εἶδος. Πολλὰ δὲ γένη τούτου ὑπάρχουσιν· ἔστι γὰρ ὁ βασιλικός, χρυσοστιγής· οὐ πάνυ δὲ οὗτος θαυμαζόμενος ὡς ὁ διόλου πορφυρίζων. Καὶ οὗτος δὲ λέγεται εἶναι ἐν τῇ Ἰνδίᾳ καὶ Αἰθιοπείᾳ. ∆ιὸ τὸ τέμενος παρὰ Ἰνδοῖς φασιν εἶναι τοῦ ∆ιονύσου τξεʹ ἀναβαθμοὺς ἔχον ἐκ σαπφείρου λίθου, εἰ καὶ τοῖς πολλοῖς ὑπάρχει ἄπιστον. Ἔστι δὲ θαυμαστὸς ὁ λίθος καὶ εὐειδέστατος καὶ χαριέστατος. ∆ιὸ καὶ ἐν τοῖς χλιδῶσι καὶ ὁρμίσκοις κατατιθέασι τοῦτον, μάλιστα οἱ βασιλεῖς. Ἀλεξίπονος δέ ἐστι· τριβόμενος γὰρ καὶ ψυδράκων καὶ φυμάτων γινομένας πληγὰς σὺν γάλακτι ἰᾶται χριόμενος τοῖς ἡλκωμένοις τόποις. Γέγραπται δὲ καὶ ἐν τῷ Νόμῳ τὴν τῷ Μωϋσεῖ ὀφθεῖσαν ὀπτασίαν ἐν τῷ ὄρει, καὶ δοθεῖσαν νομοθεσίαν ἐπὶ λίθου σαπφείρου πεφυκέναι λέγεται. 1.6 Λίθος ἴασπις. Οὗτός ἐστι τῷ εἴδει σμαραγδίζων· παρὰ δὲ τὰ χείλη τοῦ Θερμόδωντος ποταμοῦ εὑρίσκεται, καὶ περὶ Ἀμαθοῦντα τὴν ἐν Κύπρῳ. Ἀλλ' ἔστιγένος πολὺ καλούμενον ἀμαθούσιον· τὸ εἶδος τοιόνδε ἐστὶ τοῦ λίθου, κατὰ τὴν σμάραγδόν ἐστι χλωρίζουσα, ἀλλὰ ἀμβλυτέρα καὶ ἀμαυροτέρα· καὶ ἔνδοθεν χλωρὸν ἔχει τὸ σῶμα, ἐοικυῖα ἰῷ χαλκοῦ ἔχοντι φλέβας τετραστίχους. Ὡς δὲ τοῦτο ἠκούσαμεν εἶναι φαντασίας, ὡς οἱ μυθολόγοι λέγουσιν. Ἄλλη δέ ἐστι γλαυκοτέρα θαλάσσης, βαθυτέρα τῷ ἄνθει καὶ τῇ βαφῇ· ἄλλη δὲ ἐν τοῖς σπηλαίοις, ἐν τῷ ὄρει τῆς Ἴδης ἐν τῇ Φρυγίᾳ, ὁμοιάζουσα τῇ ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος κόχλου, διαυγεστέρα μᾶλλον,
Varieties of Gems and the Lygirion§3
3One gem is like wine, more yellow than the undiluted sort, for it is not of a single color or of the same power; one is more tawny and whiter, neither very shining nor receding. Another is like crystal water, which the myth-makers call a phantom of visions. This was found among the Iberians and the shepherds of the Hyrkanians near the Caspian land. Another is jasper, not very shining and green, possessing lines in its midst. There is also another jasper, called the ancient one, which resembles either snow or the foam of the sea. The myth-makers say that hunters fear this one and phantoms in the field.
1.7 The Lygirion stone. We have in no way known the discovery of this, neither from the physiologists nor from any of the ancients who have studied these matters. We do find a stone called the lagkurion, which some call the lagourion in the coarse dialect; and perhaps I think this is the lygirion, since the divine writings have translated the names differently, such as the emerald green, and because in the naming of these stones they did not even mention the hyacinth, even though it is a transparent and precious stone; thus the divine writing calls this lygirion to our mind so that we might not miss it. The hyacinth has various appearances; for the deeper the color of the stone is found, the more necessary it is than the others. The hyacinth resembles the heath, or perhaps it is somewhat purple-tinted. Therefore also the divine writing says that the priestly garments are adorned with hyacinth and porphyry. The first stone is called thalassites, the second rhodinos, the third nativos; the fourth is called channaios, and the fifth perileukios. These are found in the inner barbarity of Scythia. These stones, in addition to being precious, possess such a power: when thrown into coals of fire, they themselves are not harmed, but they extinguish the coals. Not only this, but if someone takes the stone, wraps it in a shield, and places it upon coals of fire, even the covering shield is not ignited but remains unburnt. It is said that the stone is useful to women in childbirth, and it is also a repeller of phantoms.
1.8 The Agate stone. This was understood to be called perileukos, which is found under the hyacinth; and it is wonderful, appearing subaquatic in form, and around the outside...
Greek · §3
ὥσπερ οἴνῳ ὁμοιάζουσα ἢ ἀμεθύστου ξανθοτέρα· οὐ γάρ ἐστι μιᾶς χροιᾶς οὐδὲ τῆς αὐτῆς δυνάμεως· ἀλλ' ἡ μέν ἐστι χαυνοτέρα καὶ λευκοτέρα, οὔτε πάνυ στίλβουσα, οὔτε πάλιν ἀποδέουσα. Ἄλλη δὲ κρυστάλλου ὕδατι ὁμοία· λέγεται δὲ ὑπὸ μυθοποιῶν ἄκος εἶναι φαντασιῶν. Εὑρέθη δὲ παρὰ Ἴβηρσι καὶ ποιμέσιν Ὑρκανῶν τοῖς κατὰ τὴν Κασπίαν γῆν. Ἄλλη δὲ ἴασπις οὐ πάνυ λάμπουσα, χλωρά, ἥτις ἔχει γραμμὰς μέσας. Καὶ ἄλλος ἴασπις ὁ παλαιὸς καλούμενος ὅμοιος ἢ χιόνι ἢ ἀφρῷ θαλάσσης. Τοῦτόν φασιν οἱ μυθοποιοὶ τοὺς θῆρας ἐν ἀγρῷ φοβεῖσθαι, καὶ τὰ φάσματα. 1.7 Λίθος λιγύριον. Τούτου δὲ τὴν εὕρεσιν οὐδαμῶς ἔγνωμεν, οὔτε παρὰ φυσιολόγοις, οὔτε παρά τισιν ἀρχαίοις τοῖς περὶ τούτων μεμεριμνηκόσιν. Εὕρομεν δὲ λαγκούριον οὕτω καλούμενον λίθον, ὅν τινες τῇ τρανῇ διαλέκτῳ λαγούριον καλοῦσι· καὶ τάχα τοῦτο οἶμαι τὸ λιγύριον, ἐπειδὴ αἱ θεῖαι γραφαὶ τὰ ὀνόματα ἑτέρως μετεποιήσαντο, ὡς τὸν σμάραγδον πράσινον, καὶ ὅτι πως ἐν τῇ τῶν λίθων τούτων ὀνομασίᾳ οὐκ ἐμνήσθησαν καὶ ὑακίνθου, καίτοι γε προόπτου καὶ ἐντίμου ὄντος λίθου· ὥστε εἰς νοῦν ἡμᾶς λαβεῖν μήποτε τὸ λιγύριον τοῦτο καλεῖ ἡ θεία γραφή. Ὑάκινθος οὖν τὰς μὲν ἰδέας ἔχει διαφόρους· ὅσῳ γὰρ εὑρίσκεται ὁ λίθος βαθύτερος τῇ χροιᾷ, τοσοῦτον ἀναγκαιότερός ἐστι τῶν ἄλλων. Ἔοικε δὲ ὑάκινθος τῇ ἐρέᾳ ἢ ὑποπορφυρίζων ποσῶς. ∆ιὸ καὶ ἡ θεία γραφὴ ἐξ ὑακίνθου καὶ πορφύρας τὰ ἱερατικὰ ἐνδύματα κεκοσμῆσθαί φησι. Καὶ ὁ μὲν πρῶτος λίθος καλεῖται θαλασσίτης, ὁ δὲ δεύτερος ῥοδινός, ὁ τρίτος νάτιβος· ὁ τέταρτος λέγεται χαννιαῖος, ὁ δὲ πέμπτος περιλεύκιος. Εὑρίσκονται δὲ οὗτοι ἐν τῇ ἐσωτέρᾳ βαρβαρίᾳ τῆς Σκυθίας. Οὗτοι δὲ οἱ λίθοι μετὰ τοῦ εἶναι πολύτιμοι ἔχουσι καὶ ἐνέργειαν τοιαύτην· βαλλόμενοι εἰς ἄνθρακας πυρὸς αὐτὰ μὲν οὐ βλάπτονται, τοὺς δὲ ἄνθρακας σβεννύουσιν· οὐ μόνον δὲ τοῦτο, ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰ λαβών τις τὸν λίθον ἐνειλίσσῃ ὀθόνῃ καὶ ἐπιθῇ ἐπ' ἄνθρακας πυρός, οὐδ' αὐτὴ ἡ καλύπτουσα ὀθόνη φλογίζεται, ἀλλὰ μένει ἀσινής. Λέγεται δὲ ὁ λίθος ταῖς τικτούσαις γυναιξὶν εἰς εὐτεκνίαν χρησιμεύειν· ἔστι δὲ καὶ φασμάτων ἀπελαστικός. 1.8 Λίθος ἀχάτης. Οὗτος ὑπελήφθη εἶναι περίλευκος καλούμενος, ὃς ὑπὸ τὸν ὑάκινθον εὑρίσκεται· θαυμαστὸς δέ ἐστι, τῷ εἴδει ὑποκυανίζων, ἔξωθεν περιφέρειαν
Description of various stones§4
4It has a white color, like marble or elephant ivory. And this is found around Scythia. Among these stones is one having the color of a lion. If rubbed with water and applied to the bite of a beast, it repels the venom of a scorpion, vipers, and such things.
1.9 The amethyst stone. This stone glows deeply according to its circumference, and it is whiter at the center, emitting a wine-colored appearance. Its form is varied; perhaps it also comes into being in the mountains of Libya, for one kind is near pure hyacinth, while another is like a snail-shell. It is found on the shores of the sea of that same Libya.
1.10 The chrysolite stone. Some have called this gold-leaf. It is indeed golden-colored, and it is found in a deep well near the wall of Achaemenian Babylon; for they call Babylon and that well Achaemenian because, they say, the father of King Cyrus was called Achaemenes. There is also gold-dust. This, when rubbed and drunk for stomach and abdominal ailments, is medicinal.
1.11 The beryl stone is sea-blue and sea-dyed, having the appearance of the water-hyacinth. It comes into being near the boundary of the mountain called Taurus. If anyone wishes to reflect this stone against the sun, it appears as if it contains transparent sea-foam within. Another beryl is near the eye-pupils of the dragon. There is yet another similar to wax, which appeared near the outlet of the Euphrates river.
1.12 The onyx stone. This stone has a very yellow hue. They say that the nymphs of kings or of wealthy men delight in this stone, and some have even turned this stone over into their own ornaments. There are also others called onyxes by the same name, which are some near to honey-colored wax; some say they are formed from dripping water. They call them onyxes naturally, because the nail of noble men is shared with marble along with the likeness of blood; others also sometimes call the marble stone onyx falsely because of the purity of its whiteness.
Greek · §4
λευκὴν ἔχων, μαρμάρου τρόπον ἢ ἐλεφαντίνου. Καὶ οὗτος δὲ περὶ τὴν Σκυθίαν εὑρίσκεται. Ἔστι δὲ ἐκ τούτων τῶν λίθων ἀχάτης χρῶμα ἔχων λέοντος. Τριβόμενος δὲ μεθ' ὕδατος καὶ χριόμενος ἐπὶ δήγματος θηρίου ἀποτρέπει ἰὸν σκορπίου καὶ ἐχιδνῶν καὶ τῶν τοιούτων. 1.9 Λίθος ἀμέθυστος. Οὗτος κατὰ τὴν αὐτοῦ περιφέρειαν φλογίζων ἐστὶ βαθέως· ἡ δὲ αὐτή ἐστι λευκοτέρα ἐκ τοῦ μέσου, οἰνωπὸν ἀποπέμπουσα εἶδος. Ἡ δὲ μορφὴ αὐτοῦ διάφορος· τάχα δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσι γίνεται τῆς Λιβύης· ὁ μὲν γὰρ αὐτῶν ἐστιν ὑακίνθῳ καθαρῷ παραπλήσιος, ὁ δὲ ἀμφικόχλῳ. Γίνεται ἐν ταῖς ὄχθαις τῆς θαλάσσης τῆς αὐτῆς Λιβύης. 1.10 Λίθος χρυσόλιθος. Τοῦτόν τινες χρυσόφυλλον κεκλήκασι. Χρυσίζων μέν ἐστιν· εὑρίσκεται δὲ ἐν τῷ φρέατι διπέτρῳ παρὰ τὸ τεῖχος τῆς Ἀχαιμενίτιδος Βαβυλῶνος· τὴν γὰρ Βαβυλῶνα καὶ τὸ φρέαρ ἐκεῖνο Ἀχαιμενίτιδα καλοῦσιν, ὅτι, φασίν, ὁ πατὴρ Κύρου τοῦ βασιλέως Ἀχιμενεὺς ἐκαλεῖτο. Ἔστι δὲ καὶ χρυσόπαστος. Οὗτος στομαχικοῖς καὶ κοιλιακοῖς τριβόμενος καὶ πινόμενος ἰαματικὸς ὑπάρχει. 1.11 Λίθος βηρύλλιον γλαυκίζων μέν ἐστι, θαλασσοβαφής, ἔχων εἶδος καὶ τῆς ὑδαρεστέρας ὑακίνθου. Γίνεται δὲ περὶ τὸ τέρμα τοῦ ὄρους τοῦ καλουμένου Ταύρου. Εἰ δέ τις θελήσει κατ' ἀντικρὺ τοῦ ἡλίου τοῦτον ἀνακλάσαι, φαίνεται ὡς ὕελος κέγχρους ἔχων ἔνδοθεν διαυγεῖς. Ἄλλη δέ τις βήρυλλος ταῖς κόραις τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν τοῦ δράκοντός ἐστι παραπλησία. Ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄλλη πάλιν ὁμοία κηρῷ· ἐφάνη δὲ αὕτη περὶ τὴν ἔξοδον τοῦ Εὐφράτου ποταμοῦ. 1.12 Λίθος τὸ ὀνύχιον. Οὗτος ὁ λίθος ξανθὴν πάνυ ἔχει τὴν χροιάν. Τέρπεσθαι δὲ τῷ λίθῳ τούτῳ φασὶ τὰς νύμφας τῶν βασιλέων ἢ καὶ πλουσίων ἀνδρῶν, αἵ τινες καὶ εἰς ἐκπώματα ἴδια ἀνατρεψάσασαι ἔχουσι τὸν λίθον τοῦτον. Εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ ἄλλοι ὀνυχίται ὁμωνύμως καλούμενοι, οἵ τινες κηρῷ τῷ μελιχρόῳ εἰσὶ παραπλήσιοι· τινὲς δέ φασιν αὐτοὺς ἐξ ὕδατος στακτοῦ πεπῆχθαι. Ὀνυχίτας δὲ αὐτοὺς λέγουσι φυσιολογικῶς, ἐπεὶ ὁ ὄνυξ τῶν ἀστείων ἀνδρῶν μαρμάρῳ ἐστὶ συνιδιαζόμενος σὺν τῇ τοῦ αἵματος ἰδέᾳ· ἄλλοι δέ που καὶ τὸν λίθον τὸν μαρμάρινον ἀπὸ τοῦ ∆οκιμίου ψευδωνύμως ὀνυχίτην καλοῦσι διὰ τὸ καθαρὸν τῆς λευκότητος.