Commentary on Ecclesiastes · §14

Life as a Shadow

the truth, so as to encounter unbelief. And he says again: 'and Ahaziah was swift in doing as the watchers in the field' (1 Kings 22:38). He was fast. And according to allegory, often the life of men and their polity is called a sea. Here, waves are able to signify what happens to man. And he says that regarding the judgments happening to him, 'it ascends even unto the heavens' and 'it descends even unto the depths' (Psalm 36:9).

an?... so in general regarding man he says, Gaps... of the things... Gaps... when Gaps... Gaps... here also regarding Gaps... the Jews were stronger... Gaps... the words of God and... 'a part of him'. And those from the Greeks who believed were called... Gaps... the Jews being such as being a holy commonwealth and the others, but having made the things called Gaps subject to those on whom he was called... and so this is to say 'what is superfluous', if first someone is called and... Gaps... he took it for himself... Gaps... Gaps... and he speaks about the conduct and life here. This living we have while being in the flesh and passing through this. It is under time, it is under the number of days. But the truly living is eternal; and such a life is both eternal and without end. He speaks therefore about the life here, the life in heaven. And he made them in shadows; for who will announce to man what will be after him under the sun (Ecclesiastes 1:9). The life of men, which they lead here, is shadowy. You have in the Gospel said by the Savior: 'Seek', he says, 'first the righteousness...'

"...and the kingdom of God, and all these things will be set before you." It is impossible for a shadow to be without a pre-existing body. There must be a body so that a shadow may thus follow it. Therefore, the life here is a shadow, being a consequence of a preceding life, which the life occurring here follows. For this reason it is said, "our days are as a shadow." And Job also said previously, "the life of men on the earth is a shadow." The life on the earth, or the material life, the temporal, the one in the flesh, this is a "shadow" of the life above.

It is a possible thing, an easy thing, a productive thing. So also the apostle, wishing to show the shadowy life, said, "If in this life we have only hoped, we are more to be pitied than all men" (1 Cor 15:19). Let a man, having some hope, attend to a shadow appearing to help him; in a palace, if someone perceives the face of a king not present, will the shadow or the appearance benefit him? For it is not possible for that which can be present to him beside a true king who rules according to laws, to be the shadow itself. Therefore our life is shadowy. But having known this, beloved, that this life is shadowy, attend to it as to something not permanent, as to something dependent on another; and in this, observe that there is another life which the shadowy life follows, and live and act according to that.

For thus "one is able to please God." Because of "who will announce to man" (Eccl 1:3) what follows him while he still exists under the sun, all divination is refuted from that source, all human prophecy. For "under the sun" is not in vain. For those having ascended above the sun of the Son and having approached the sun of righteousness, as it is said of them that "they will shine like the sun in the kingdom of their Father," it is not possible to announce "what will come after," or what receives them. And as I have said and now will say: we say that we have ignorance of the judgments of God, since they happen to be "unsearchable. The judgments of God are very deep" (Rom 11:33). And the abyss is incomprehensible or difficult to comprehend. And let it be said that even if some were judged by a most righteous king in a dream, each according to his own sin, we all know that they were judged justly, though not to this extent...

Greek

τὸ ἀληθές, ὥστε τυχεῖν ἀπιστίας. καὶ λε´̣γει πάλιν· "καὶ ἦν̣ Ἀσ̣α̣ὴλ κο̣υ῀̣φος τοῖς ποσὶν αὐτου῀̣ ω῾̣σεὶ δορκὰς ἐν ἀγρ̣ῷ". ταχὺς ἠ῀̣ν. καὶ κατὰ ἀλληγ̣ο̣ρι´̣αν̣ πολλάκις ὁ βίος τῶν ἀν̣θρώπων καὶ ἡ πολι τεία̣ αὐτω῀̣ν θάλαττα ὀνομάζεται. δύναται ὧδε κύματα δ̣η̣λ̣οῦν̣ τὰ συμ βα̣ι´̣ν̣ο̣ντα ἀνθρώπῳ. καὶ λέγ̣ει ὅτι ····· τῶν κριμάτων τῶν αυ᾿̣τ̣ῷ συμ βα̣ι̣νόντων "ἕως εἰς οὐρανοὺς ἀναβαίνε̣ι" κ̣α̣ὶ "κατ̣αβαίνει ἕως ει᾿̣ς ἀβύσσους". ··οὐκ ἐ´̣σ̣τιν ····· ······ω̣ν ····· ·ν·····ν. 193 τῷ ἑξῆς χρ̣όνῳ ····· ····· ···. ἀνθρώπῳ τυγχαν̣···· ··η̣······· τ̣ι´̣ π̣ε̣ρι̣σσὸν̣ τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ; ····· ····· ·οὖν̣ καθόλου π̣ερὶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου λε´̣γ̣ει, ο̣υ᾿̣κ̣ ····α̣ι̣ οὐκ̣ εἰσὶν̣ κ̣αθόλου··· ····· ·· τῶν πραγμάτων ····τ̣ο̣· ἔτους κ̣αὶ ἐνιαυτοῦ τ̣ο̣υ῀̣ ·····μους̣ ·μ̣········ ···εται. ὅταν ·····ι̣ς̣ τ̣ο`̣ ··ριω̣··ας̣ ··πολε ····· ····· ····· ·····εται. ὧδε δὲ περὶ ···καθόλου ····· ·········· δυν̣············ ····· ····ε̣···ν οἱ Ἰο̣υ̣δα̣ῖοι ἰσχυρότεροι ····αι ··· ·······π̣ρ̣····· ····· το̣ῖς αὐθένταις τὰ λ̣όγ̣ι̣α τ̣ο̣ῦ θεοῦ καὶ ····· ·α̣ι̣····ω····· ····· "μερὶς αὐτοῦ". ἐκλήθη̣σ̣α̣ν̣ δὲ οἱ ἀπὸ τῶν Ἑλ̣λη´̣ν̣ω̣ν̣ π̣ι̣στ̣εύσαντες ····· ·······ε̣ρ̣ωσιν π̣·λ̣··λ̣ο´̣γων οἱ Ἰουδαῖο̣ι̣ ὡ῀̣δε̣ μ̣ερὶς ὄντες̣ ····σ̣ε̣··· πολίτ̣ευμα ἅγιον καὶ τὰ ἄλλα, ἀλλ' ἥτ̣τ̣ω ····ε̣υ̣ον̣ τες τὰ πράγμ̣α̣τα̣ τ̣ὰ ····· φωνηθέντα ἐφ' οἷς ἐκλήθ̣η̣σαν ·· κ̣α τὰ τοῦτο οὖν "τί π̣ε̣ρ̣ισσο´̣ν" ε᾿̣σ̣τιν εἰπ̣εῖν, ἐὰν πρῶτόν τις κληθ̣ῇ καὶ μ···· ················· ····ε̣······· α̣ὐτὸ κατ̣είλ̣ηφ̣ε̣ν̣ ···ε̣······μ̣··· κεναι ποτε`̣ ············ ··πλεονε̣κτημα̣χ ······· ····· ·ρ̣··· ζωῆς μ̣······σ̣ε····· ····· ··· περὶ τῆς ἐνταυ῀̣θ̣α διαγ̣ωγῆς καὶ ζωῆς λέγει· τὸ ζῆν τοῦτο ἔχομεν μετὰ σαρκὸς ὄντες καὶ ἐ´̣τ̣ι ἐν̣ τ̣α̣ύτῃ δ̣ιάγοντες. ὑπὸ χρόνον ἐστίν, ὑπὸ ἀριθμὸν ἡμερῶν ἐστιν. τὸ δὲ ἀληθῶς ζη῀̣ν αἰώνιόν ἐστιν· αἰώνιος δέ ἐστιν καὶ ἀπέραντος ἡ τοιαύτη ζωή. περὶ τ̣ῆς οὖν ἐνταῦθα ζωῆς τῆς ἐνύλου λέγει. καὶ ἐποίησεν αὐτὰς ἐν σκιᾷ· ὅτι τίς ἀπαγγελεῖ τῷ ἀνθρώ πῳ τί ἔσται ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ ὑπὸ τὸν ἥλιον. ἡ ζωὴ τῶν̣ ἀνθρώπων, ἣν ἐνταῦθα περιέπουσιν, σκιώδ̣ης ἐστίν. ἔχεις ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ πρ̣ὸς τοῦ σωτῆρος λεγόμενον· "ζητεῖτε̣", φ̣ησίν, "πρῶτον τὴν δικαιοσύνην καὶ τη`̣ν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ, καὶ πάντ̣α ταῦτα π̣ροςτεθήσε ται ὑμῖν". ἀδύνατόν ἐστιν σκιὰν εἶναι μὴ προϋπάρχοντος̣ σώματος. δεῖ εἶναι σῶμα, ἵν' οὕτως ἐπακολουθήσῃ σκιά. ὁ βίος οὖν ὁ ἐνταῦθα σκιά ἐστιν οὔσης 194 προηγουμ̣ένης ζωῆς, ἧς ἐπακολούθημά ἐστιν ἡ ὧδε γινομε´̣νη. διὰ τ̣α̣υ῀̣τα λέγετ̣α̣ί που· αἱ ἡμέραι ἡμῶν ὡς σκιά". καὶ ἔτι ἔλεγεν ὁ Ἰὼβ πρότερον· "σκιά ἐστιν ὁ β̣ι´̣ο̣ς τ̣ῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς". ὁ ἐπ̣ὶ τῆς γῆς βίος ἢ ἡ ἔν υλος ζωή, ἡ πρόσκ̣αιρος, ἡ μετὰ σαρκός, αὕτη "σκιά" ἐστιν τῆς ἄνω ζωῆς. γε̣νητὸν πρᾶγμά ἐστιν, εὐκι´̣νητον, εὐπαράγωγον. οὕτω καὶ ὁ ἀπόστολος τὴν σκιώδη ζωὴν δεῖcαι θέλων ἔλεγεν· "εἰ ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ ζωῇ ἠλπικότες ἐσμὲν μ̣όνον, ἐλεεινότεροι πάντων ἀνθρώπων ἐσμέν". ἔστω γ̣οῦν τις ἐλπίδα ἔχων ἐπὶ σκιὰν φαινο̣μένου βοηθοῦντος, ἐν ἐσόπ τρῳ τὶς κ̣ατανοῶν τὸ πρόσωπον βασιλέως οὐ πάρο̣ντος, εἰ ὠφελήσει αὐτὸν ἡ σκιὰ ἢ τὸ φαινόμενον. μὴ γὰρ δύναται αὐτῷ ὑπαρχθῆναι, ἃ δύναται ὑπαρχ θῆναι αὐτ̣ῷ παρ̣α`̣ β̣ασιλέως ἀληθοῦς το̣ῦ κα̣τὰ νο´̣μους ἄρχοντος. ὁ βίος οὖν ἡμῶν σκιώδης ἐστίν. ἀγαπητὸν δὲ γ̣νόντα τοῦτο, ὅτι σκιώδης ἐστὶν ὁ βίος οὗτος, αὐτῷ προσσχεῖν ὡς πράγματι μὴ παραμόνῳ, ὡς ἄλλοθεν ἀρκούμενον̣, καὶ το̣υ῀̣τ̣ο̣ δ̣ε̣ι῀̣ σ̣κοπ̣εῖν ὁ´̣τι ἄλλος ἐστὶν βίος, ᾧ ἐπακολουθεῖ ὁ σκιώδης, καὶ κατ' ἐκ̣εῖν̣ον ζῆν καὶ πράττειν. οὕτ̣ω̣ γὰρ "ἀρέσαι τὶς θεῷ δύ νατ̣α̣ι". διὰ τοῦ "τίς ἀπαγγελεῖ ἀνθρώπῳ" τί ἐπακολουθεῖ αὐτῷ ἔτι ὄντι υ῾̣πὸ τὸν ἥλιον, ἀναιρεῖται ἔνθεν πᾶσα μαντική, πᾶσα πρόγνωσις ἀνθρωπίνη. οὐ μάτην 14 γὰρ προσκεῖται τὸ "ὑπο`̣ τ̣ὸν ἥλιον". οἱ γὰρ ὑπεραναβεβηκότες τὸν ἥλιον τοῦ τον καὶ τῷ ἡλίῳ τῆς δικαιοσύνης προσπελάσαντες ὡς λεχθῆναι περὶ αὐτῶν ὅτι "ἐκλάμψουσιν ὡς ὁ ἥλιος ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτῶν", ἀπαγγεῖλαι δύ νανται, "τί ἔσται ὀπίσω", τί διαδέχεται αὐτούς. καὶ ὅπερ εἶπον̣ καὶ νῦν ἐρῶ· ἐλέγομεν, ὅτι ἄγνοιαν ἔχο̣μ̣εν τῶν τοῦ θεοῦ κριμάτων, ἐπεὶ τυγχάνουσιν̣ "ἀνεξερεύνητα. τὰ κρίματα τοῦ θεοῦ ἄβ̣υσσός ἐστιν πολλή". ἡ δὲ ἄβυσσος ἀκατάλημ̣πτός ἐστιν ἢ δυσκαταλημπτός. κ̣αὶ ἔλ̣ε γον, ὅτι ἔστωσάν τινες ὑπὸ βασιλε´̣ως δικαιοτάτου καταδ̣ικασθέντες̣ ἐν νή σῳ, ἕκαστος κατὰ τὸ ἁμάρτη̣μα ἑαυτοῦ, καὶ πάντες ἴσμεν, ὅτι κατεδικάσθη σαν δικαίως, οὐ μὴν ὅσδε

About this text

Didymus the Blind on Ecclesiastes.

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  • Copy-text PG (Khazarzar) (Greek)

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