Lactantius — Divine Institutes 7.20
After these things hell will be opened and the dead will rise, concerning whom the great judgment the same King and God himself will make, to whom the highest Father will give the greatest power both of judging and of reigning. Concerning which judgment and kingdom it is found thus at the Erythraean Sibyl: when this too shall take its fated end, the judgment of the immortal God will come upon mortals; a great judgment and also a reign will come upon humans. Then at another: then the earth opening will show Tartarean chaos; all will come to the tribunal of God the King. And in another place at the same: I will roll up heaven, I will open the hiding-places of the earth, and then I will raise the dead, loosing fate and the sting of death, and afterward I will lead them to judgment, judging the life of pious and impious men. Yet not all will then be judged in the same way: for those who will still be alive will not die, but will be gathered to the judgment as they are.
To this question or argument the Stoics answer thus: that human souls indeed remain and are not dissolved into nothing by the coming of death, but that of those who were just, purified, they are borne to a blessed seat, and that of the unjust they are punished and pay deserved punishments. These things are nearly true. For the soul, when it has made a parting from the body, is, as the same poet says, equal to light winds and most like winged sleep, because it is spirit and by that very thinness incomprehensible — but to us who are bodily; yet to God, under whom lies the power of all things, it is comprehensible. And so God can both reward and punish even bodiless souls, and nothing of spirit escapes his judgment.
Latin
Post haec aperientur inferi et surgent mortui, de quibus iudicium magnum idem ipse rex ac deus faciet cui summus pater et iudicandi et regnandi dabit maximam potestatem. de quo iudicio et regno aput Erythraeam Sibyllam sic inuenitur: ὁππότε δὴ καὶ τοῦτο λάβῃ τέλος αἴσιμον ἦμαρ, εἰς δὲ βροτοὺς ἥξει κρίσις ἀθανάτοιο θεοῖο, ἥξει ἑπ᾽ ἀνθρώπους μεγάλη κρίσις ἡδὲ καὶ ἀρχή . deinde aput aliam: ταρτάρεον δὲ χάος δείξει τότε γαῖα χανοῦσα ἥξουσιν δὲ ἐπὶ βῆμα θεοῦ βασιλῆος ἄπαντες . et alio loco apud eamdem: οὐρανὸν εἱλίξω, γαίης κευθμῶνας ἀνοίξω, και τότ᾽ ἀναστήσω νεκροὺς μοῖραν ἀναλύσας καὶ θανάτου κέντρον. καὶ ὕστερον εἰς κρίσιν ἄξω, κρίνων εὐσεβέων καὶ δυσσεβέων βίον ἀνδρῶν . nec tamen uniuersi tunc a deo iudicabuntur, sed ii tantum qui sunt in dei religione uersati. nam qui deum non adgnouerunt, quoniam sententia de his in absolutionem ferri non potest, iam iudicati damnatique sunt, sanctis litteris contestantibus non resurrecturos esse inpios in iudicium. iudicabuntur ergo qui deum scierunt et facinora eorum id est mala opera cum bonis conlata ponderabuntur, ut si plura et graui(or)a fuerint bona iustaque, dentur ad uitam beatam, si autem mala superauerint, condemnentur ad poenam. hic fortasse dixerit quispiam: \'si est inmortalis anima, quomodo patibilis inducitur ac poenae sentiens? si enim ob merita punietur, sentiet utique dolorem atque ita etiam mortem: si morti non est obnoxia, ne dolori quidem: patibilis igitur non est.\'
huic quaestioni siue argumento a Stoicis ita occurritur: animas quidem hominum permanere nec interuentu mortis in nihilum resolui, sed eorum qui iusti fuerint puras et inpatibiles et beatas ad sedem caelestem, unde illis origo sit, remeare uel in campos quosdam fortunatos rapi, ubi fruantur miris uoluptatibus, impias uero, quoniam se malis cupiditatibus inquinauerint, mediam quandam gerere inter immortalem mortalemque naturam et habere aliquid inbecillitatis ex contagione carnis, cuius desideriis ac libidinibus addictae ineluibilem quendam fucum trahant labemque terrenam: quae cum temporis diuturnitate penitus inhaeserit, eius naturae reddi animas, ut si non extinguibiles in totum, quoniam ex deo sint, tamen cruciabiles fiant per corporis maculam, quae peccatis inusta sensum doloris adtribuit. quam sententiam poeta sic explicauit: quin et supremo cum lumine uita reliquit, non tamen omne malum miseris nec funditus omnes corporeae excedunt pestes, penitusque necesse est multa diu concreta modis inolescere miris . ergo exercentur poenis ueterumque malorum supplicia expendunt. haec propemodum uera sunt. anima enim cum diuortium fecit a corpore, est, ut ait idem poeta, par leuibus uentis uolucrique simillima somno, quia spiritus est et ipsa tenuitate inconprehensibilis, sed nobis, qui sumus corporales, deo autem, cui subiacet posse omnia, conprehensibilis.